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AP Microeconomics Exam

Note: This article accounts for the latest revisions to AP Microeconomics (Fall 2012). Students studying for the AP Microeconomics Exam should only reference study materials published after this date. Well, Magooshers, I have another confession to make. But before I reveal my deep dark secret, I want to say that I really enjoy writing these articles. It’s nice, too, thinking that my knowledge and experience are helping students like you. Yet that’s not the real reason I do this. I do it for the money. Yeah, I, like everyone else, have bills to pay. Rent, groceries, insurance, a little bit of fun here and there†¦it all adds up. That’s microeconomics (and Capitalism) for you. To understand how money moves throughout our daily lives, there is no better class than AP Microeconomics. Today I’m here to guide you through the AP Microeconomics Exam. If you get to the end of this article and still have questions, be sure to check out the official College Board website for AP Microeconomics. How You’re Assessed on the AP Microeconomics Exam AP Microeconomics is a smorgasbord of topics. There’s a little history. There are some rules and concepts. There are even graphs and charts. Throughout the year, your teacher will cover four broad topics from the following Concept Outline. Below are the topics, along with the percentage weight each one has on the AP Microeconomics Exam. The following is in no way a study guide, but an introduction to what you will encounter throughout the course. Basic Economic Concepts (8-14%) Economic systems Property rights Scarcity and choice The Nature and Functions of Product Markets (55-70%) Supply and demand (15-20%) Theory of consumer choice (5-10%) Production and costs (10-15%) Firm behavior and market structure (25-35%) Factor Markets (10-18%) Market Failure and the Role of Government (12-18%) So yeah, there’s a lot to learn. If you don’t already know, microeconomics focuses mainly on how people (you and me, for example) and businesses make economic decisions. Compared to macroeconomics, microeconomics is much more relevant to our daily lives. Finally, AP Microeconomics won’t teach you how to become a billionaire, but you will learn how and why billionaires exist. 🙂 Successful Time Management In this section, I will break down the length of the AP Microeconomics Exam and offer suggestions on how to make sure you successfully finish each section. Before we dive in, though, my biggest piece of advice is to take many timed practice exams to become used to the exams format, content, and pacing. For students with a College Board Account, a full-length practice exam is available for you to take right now. Section I: Multiple Choice (60 Questions, 70 Minutes, 66.6% of Exam Score) Okay, so you have one minute and 10 seconds to answer each multiple choice question. To finish on time, you need to complete six questions every seven minutes. After taking your first practice test, you discover that the multiple choice section is a mix between word problems and those containing graphs. In short, this means most of your time on the exam will be spent reading and analyzing. Have your pencil ready to underline key words in the passages. Also, don’t forget to cross out incorrect answers when you spot them. If you’re taking AP Microeconomics, I bet you’ve already taken your fair share of high-stakes standardized tests. Even so, check out my article on ACT Time Management. The article goes over some simple tips and tricks that you can’t afford to miss on exam day. Another thing to remember is that like all AP Exams, on AP Microeconomics there is no penalty for guessing. That’s right; no points are deducted for incorrect answers. Why is that a good thing for you? Well, if there is a question or two where you get stuck, there is no shame in guessing and moving on. Just don’t leave any questions blank! Break (10 Minutes) Break is an important time during any AP Exam. Yet even for a two-hour exam like the AP Microeconomics Exam, you’re only at the halfway mark. Go to the bathroom, drink a little water, and don’t forget to eat something. There’s a lot of writing coming up, and you’re going to need some fuel to finish strong. Section II: Free Response (3 Questions, 60 Minutes, 33.3% of Exam Score) Okay, so you have an hour for three questions. But not all of these questions are created equal. Here is the breakdown for Section II: 1 long free-response question Worth 50% of section score 2 short free-response questions Each worth 25% of section score If we’re thinking about time management, it makes sense to give the long free-response question 25 minutes of your time. The two short free-response questions require approximately 12 minutes each. Don’t forget that answering each question will require you to read and analyze information, including charts/graphs. For the long free-response question, I strongly recommend that you outline your reply, too. All of this takes time, so practice tests are key to success. Section II Pro-Tip: If you’ve taken multiple timed practice tests, and are comfortable with time management, try to squeeze in the last 2-3 minutes to review what you wrote. AP exams are stressful experiences and all the pressure might make you leave out something important, even if you had it in your outline. Having time to review means the chance to catch and fix mistakes. Test Content: Section I (Multiple Choice) Because the exam hasn’t changed in over four years, many multiple choice questions from previous years’ AP Microeconomics Exams are still a valid way to practice for test day. In fact, you will likely see old, but still relevant exam questions on your tests in your AP Microeconomics class. All the questions in the multiple-choice section are ‘stand alone,’ meaning there is not a single chart/graph followed by multiple questions. For some students, this will be a blessing. Yet for others, having to jump to a new topic each question can be a mental strain. To improve your score on the multiple-choice section, let me recycle some advice: focus on your weaknesses. After your first practice test, go through your missed questions and make a list of topics where you struggled. After some studying (how you study I’ll leave up to you), take another practice test. Rinse and repeat. One last thing about time management: If you’re good with time management on other standardized tests, you should also be good with the AP Microeconomics Exam’s multiple-choice section. Even so, remember: if necessary, guess and move on. Test Content: Section II (Free Response) Like many of the questions on the multiple-choice section, to answer the Free Response questions, you need to analyze data in the form of text, charts, graphs, or graphics. The first 10 minutes is strictly a reading period. Here’s how I’d use this time. 1 minute: Count the total number of tasks you have to complete in the 50-minute writing time. 9 minutes: Brainstorm notes in the margins as you examine the questions/text/charts/graphs/graphics. Seriously, mark up your test booklet. And until you actually start writing your replies, no one cares how bad your handwriting is, either. 😉 In short, the pencil should not leave your hand this entire time. Okay, so the reading period ends, and it’s time to write! Let’s say, for example, that the three questions represent 14 tasks (parts). That means you have approximately 3.5 minutes to complete each task. To write your best answers, consider applying the following strategy when you tackle a practice AP Microeconomics Exam: 1 minutes: Plan out your reply. Review/add to your notes. Is this what you really want to say? Missing anything important? 2.5 minutes: Write your reply. The only thing that matters is that you a) answer the question and b) follow the directions. If you take multiple practice tests, the act of writing answers under pressure will become second nature, something that doesn’t take up a lot of brain power compared to the questions themselves. The End AP Microeconomics is a course taken by mainly 12th grade students. Just during the time where many of you will be caught up in graduation euphoria and in the transition to college, you will receive your AP Microeonomics score, as the College Board releases AP scores in early July. For those of you that earn a 5, congratulations! You definitely just earned a semester’s worth of college credit. Some colleges, though, don’t accept 4s for various reasons. As you’re making your final decision about which colleges to apply to, make sure to research potential colleges AP score policies. That’s a good strategy no matter which AP courses you decide to take. Even if you earn a 3 (or less) on the AP Microeconomics Exam, it’s not the end of the world. The fact that you are taking it your senior year will make your college applications shine a little bit brighter. Also, if you have to retake the course in college, you will come in with a great foundation of knowledge. Just remember to keep your AP Microeconomics notes/materials. Till next time, Magooshers.

Eating Disorders Essay - 1087 Words

Eating Disorders One of the most prevalent disorders amongst the youth of this era is eating disorders. While some overlook it and don’t think it is a problem eating disorders should be given serious consideration. This is because the psychological ramification of eating disorders tends to have lasting effects over the course of the adolescents’ life. An eating disorder is any of various psychological disorders, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia, which involves insufficient or excessive food intake. They are a silent epidemic and a exceedingly negative response to a misinterpretation of one’s role in the world. Adolescents with eating disorders are usually convinced they’re ugly, worthless, and untalented. While some†¦show more content†¦Also, feeling that the only thing they can control in their lives is the food that they eat especially if they have very controlling parents, or boyfriends. Finally, models, teen idols, and movie stars are role models for m ost teenagers, and the popular look is thin or the most recent description is called the lollypop look. This is a major part of it because adolescents tend to compare themselves to these role models and are taught that sexy is thin and this is the way to be noticed. The major source of this is through television, movies and magazines. Bulimia, on the other hand, is characterized by massive food binges followed by self-induced vomiting or use of diuretics and laxatives to avoid weight gain. The word bulimia comes from the two Greek words, bous meaning cow and limos meaning hunger. Unlike anorexics, bulimics come from all economic levels, develop this disorder between 15 and 24 years of age, and are more likely to seek help because they realize they have a problem. Most people dealing with this disorder are attractive, successful women with no apparent weight problem. Bulimia usually starts when the person is under tension, usually associated with a change or a disappointment. They tu rn to food for comfort and eventually gain weight. Finally they start dieting followed by binging and purging. They also feelShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1205 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders in Today’s World Eating disorders are alive and well in today’s world and they are a major problem. An eating disorder can look like a few different things, ranging from a severe reduction of food intake to over eating to feelings of negativity towards your body shape or weight (Lehigh University). While some disorders can only be found in specific age groups, races, etc., eating disorders can be found amongst all and it does not necessarily have to be pointed towards food (LehighRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1184 Words   |  5 Pagesas an eating disorder. Weir (2016) goes on to explain the origins behind eating disorders in individuals. This topic is important because, in the United States, many women and men suffer from a clinically significant eating disorder at some point in their life. It is important to know the influences that cause an individual to experience an eating disorder. Genetically, or environmentally, or both genetically and environmentally. Anorexia ner vosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder are eatingRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1573 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects people called an â€Å"eating disorder.† Why did you choose this topic? I chose this topic because it is a very prevalent issue in our society today, and a close friend of mine is suffering from an eating disorder. What question(s) did you want to answer or what was your hypothesis regarding this topic? As mammals, there is no chance of escaping the need to consume food in everyday life. However, when it comes to food there can be a major concern of eating too much or eating too little. Doing eitherRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1104 Words   |  5 PagesEating disorder is a serious problem happens in both men and women. Eating disorder is a sort of disease in which a person is having a strange routine of eating like consuming a huge amount of food each time they eat. This can incorporate not eating enough nourishment or indulging. Eating disorder influence many people around the world. The larger part of peoples who are dealing with this issue are ladies. A person with eating disorder issue may focus nonsensically on their weight and shape. EatingRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1410 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"An eating disorder is about anxiety and control and healing from trauma and food and weight are just the tools of destruction† (Floyd, Mim ms, Yelding, 2008). An eating disorder is defined as a severe disturbance in eating behavior. An eating disorder, as defined by our text book for class, is psychological disturbances that lead to certain physiological changes and serious health complications. The three most common and most easily identifiable forms of eating disorders include anorexia nervosaRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder966 Words   |  4 PagesEating Disorders Many people, both women and men of all ages, suffer from the psychological disorder, eating. Up to thirty million people in the world suffer from some kind of an eating disorder. There a two types of eating disorders, anorexia and bulimia, and have several methods of treatment. What is an eating disorder, and what do they cause? Eating disorders are maladaptive and very serious interruptions in eating. They can come in the form of overeating, or not eating enough, they are oftenRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1496 Words   |  6 PagesAn eating disorder is an illness that causes serious disturbances to your everyday diet, such as eating extremely small amounts of food or severely overeating. A person with an eating disorder may have started out just eating smaller or larger amount of food, but as some point, the urge to eat less or more has gotten out of control. Severe distress or concern about body weight or shape may also signal an eating disorder. Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and a binge-eatingRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1031 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The eating disorder is a very jealous and abusive partner. It requires a lot of devotion in the extent that you have to devote yoursel f to tending to the anorexia. There s not a lot of time left over for adult life,† was stated by Dr. Doug Bunnell, a specialist in eating disorders. Eating disorders effect a variety of people. Age, race, and gender aren’t role playing keys in eating disorders. Not everyone gets an eating disorder, but if they do then, it will more than likely destroy their livesRead MoreEating Disorders : An Eating Disorder1906 Words   |  8 Pagesobtain their body goal, thus causing an eating disorder. An eating disorder is a psychological condition that is characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits. There are three types of eating disorders; which are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating.These disorders affect all aspects of a person’s life, including their psychological, emotional, and physical health. There are many factors that contribute to individuals developing eating disorders including: genetics, family pressuresRead MoreEating Disorders : Ea ting Disorder1235 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders Eating disorders are a very serious psychological condition that affects your mind so that you are more focused on your food and weight than you are on everything else. The most known and most commonly diagnosed eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder; however, these are not the only eating disorders. Eating disorders cause psychical and psychological problems, which at their worst can even become life threating. Statistics show that more women are affected

Information Technology Governance

Question: Discuss about theInformation Technology Governance. Answer: Introduction: This study will provide a deep understanding about Information technology governance. Information technology governance helps the organization to mitigate the risks arises from changes in external environment. It also helps the organization to comply with rules and regulations lay down by regulating authorities. This study will provide an insight of the importance of IT governance in organization. Analysis IT governance can be defined as organisational capacity enforceable by Board, Management in order to control formulation and implementation of IT strategy so that business can be run effectively with the installation of IT. On the other hand, it is stated that management of an organization plays an important role in process related to IT governance. Different authors quoted different definitions regarding IT governance. But the conclusion can be drawn that IT management should focus on effective supply of IT products and services. The main objective behind IT governance is to enabling the organizations in measuring compliance according to law. With the changes in environment an organization should change the standards lying down for IT governance in order to improvements. (Ozkan and Karabacak, 2010). The recent areas of concern for IT governance are value management, value creation in delivery, management of risk, and integration of IT with governance. It is termed as a process which enables the organization to make an analysis whether its investment in information technology is fulfilling strategic and tactical objectives or not. In oppose to this other factors affecting IT governance are value delivery and level of performance. For creating a value to the organization, management is implementing IT governance in the organization and this trend is increasing day by day. Current and capital expenditure now days has shift towards IT in organizations. Hence, it is being analysed that this increasing expenditure towards IT has lead more importance towards IT governance. The importance of IT governance can be identified from the factor that it helps in analysing the external environment and increased levels of environment fluctuations. Moreover, IT governance helps the organization to face environment changes which includes cloud computing, mobile computing and virtualization. In addition to this, the other factor which lead the importance of IT governance in organization are the compliance and regulatory norms laid down by government for various industries. So, it can be analysed that IT governance reduces and transfers risk by controlling and supporting internal processes (Debreceny, 2013). In oppose to this IT governance also leads to exposure of risk from the external threats. IT governance has become one of the most important components of enterprise risk management. IT faces the threat of security, architecture, user management, development of software for different industries. As a consequence, IT governance provides proper guidance and framework to organization for adoption of good practices. At the same time, IT governance leads the foundation of framework at the national, industry and organizational level. On the other hand, the primary objective of internal IT audit is to assess control, reliability and sustainability of organizations IT environment. Internal audit helps in evaluation of IT plans, strategies, policies, and methods and programmes (Ozkan and Karabacak, 2010). Auditing also helps the organization in making recommendations about various techniques that are going to affect IT governance. In addition to this Auditing is generally of three types. Firstly, in financial auditing the auditors analyzes tests and review the system implemented in organization and thereby making the system more reliable. Secondly, operational auditing makes the system more automatic and efficient in performing of operations. Thirdly, IT auditing places a very important role in compliance audit. IT controls and programmes are an integral part of compliance audit. There are mainly three different approach named financial, operational and compliance auditing. The major differences between these approaches are of the purpose of audit, cost and benefit analysis and inclusion of various fields. Financial auditing used to check the correctness of financial statements (Goldberg, 2011). Compliance auditing reviews compliances and laws. Operational auditing reviews various processes carried out in an organization. There are various risks associated with the auditing. IT is a most important part of making analysis. Overall assessment is dependent upon IT. A more reliable system leads to more accurate results and vice versa. A reliable system can be installed only if there will be IT governance in an organization. In contrary to this, security can also be developed in system after proper formulation of IT governance. Moreover, Audit fieldwork is one of the most important and crucial step for audit process as it includes requests for documents, manager review, proper compilation of audit work, and conducting of in depth research work. In various cases IT auditing is totally different from general auditing. IT auditing is done to review the systems installed in organization and to stop the break down so that an organization can smoothly carried out its functions (Debreceny, 2013). Because organizations are hugely dependent upon IT and any failure in system will go to hamper the productivity of an organization. There are various IT audit standards laid down. The objective, authority, responsibility and responsiveness of the information system should be properly documented in audit charter. The audit charter letter should be agreed at a significant level within the organization. The audit charter should be reviewed at a regular interval. The information contained in audit charter should be in detailed format so that a detailed understanding can be developed. For an internal IT audit, charter should be prepared for day to day activities and for external IT audit charter should be prepared for each audit or non audit assignment. Organizations are adopting risk based IT approach. The objective of this approach is to analyse the risk based on knowledge of the organisations IT strategic plan and organisation operations. Auditor will review systems which are based on technology and control business functions in which high risk is involved. Conclusion From this study it can be analyzed that with the increasing use of IT in organizations, IT governance becomes a major issue. IT governance leads to proper maintenance of system so that there will be no break down. IT governance system is hugely dependent upon the organization structure and managerial personnel. So, from the above study, it can be concluded that IT governance becomes an integral part for the organization success and development. References: Debreceny, R.S. (2013) Research on IT governance, risk, and value: Challenges and opportunities,Journal of Information Systems,27(1), pp.129-135. Goldberg, D.M. (2011) General auditing for IT auditors,ISACA Journal,3, pp.36. Ozkan, S. and Karabacak, B. (2010) Collaborative risk method for information security management practices: A case context within Turkey, .International Journal of Information Management,30(6), pp.567-572.

Rehabilitation Counselor Education Programs Regarding free essay sample

For the past several years, the health care and insurance industries in America have been undergoing significant reform in order to rein in the high cost of delivering health care services. Managed care has become a cornerstone of this process (Strickland, 1995). The case management industry (with its focus on cost containment, managed competition, and quality care) is playing an increasingly important role in the managed care environment (Owens, 1996). According to Mullahy (1995a), the number of case managers has risen astronomically in recent years. These individuals come from diverse professional backgrounds and practice settings that include nursing, rehabilitation counseling, and social work. Case management, however, is not a new concept. Many human service, rehabilitation, and health care professions have a history of using case management models in the execution of their responsibilities. For example, in many psychiatric rehabilitation work settings social workers are frequently hired as case managers to coordinate the provision of community-based services to their clientele (Sledge, Astrachan, Thompson, Rakfeldt, Leaf, 1995). We will write a custom essay sample on Rehabilitation Counselor Education Programs Regarding or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Case management is also an extremely important function of rehabilitation counselors in both public and private sectors (Leahy, Chan, Taylor, Wood Downey, 1997; Leahy, Szymanski Linkowski, 1993; Matkin, 1995). Similarly, medical case management is increasingly being viewed as an essential aspect of professional nursing practice (Lamb, 1995). The Development of Private Sector Case Management The impetus for case management practice in health care settings can be traced to the skyrocketing cost of workers compensation in the 1970s. Private sector rehabilitation grew in response to the demand for vocational rehabilitation services by workers compensation insurance carriers (Matkin, 1995). Federal legislation also promoted the growth of private sector case management services. albeit inadvertently. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 gave priority within the state-federal vocational rehabilitation system to individuals with severe disabilities, causing workers compensation carriers to seek vocational rehabilitation services for their (typically less severely injured) claimants in the private sector Habeck, Leahy, Hunt, Chan Welch, 1991). In increasing numbers. rehabilitation nurses and rehabilitation counselors were hired to provide both medical and vocational case management services to workers compensation claimants. In the late 1980s, case management began to develop its own impetus as an independent profession (E. Holt, personal communication, December 1, 1996). In 1991, 29 organizations involved in the field gathered in Dallas, Texas, at a consensus meeting organized by the Individual Case Management Association. The intent was to agree upon the philosophical basis for case management, a universal definition of case management, and a set of meaningful practice standards. Eventually, a certification program for case managers was developed, including eligibility criteria and content areas for a certification examination. On July 1, 1995, the Commission for Case Manager Certification (CCMC) was incorporated as a separate, independent credentialing body. Although the process is still very young, there are already over 19,000 Certified Case Mangers (CCMs) who have completed certification requirements. With technical and administrative support from the Foundation for Rehabilitation Education and Research, Leahy (1994) surveyed 14,078 practicing case managers representing multiple professional disciplines in a variety of work settings. His research suggested that case managers share a common knowledge base required for case management practice comprised of five factors: 1) coordination and delivery of services; 2) physical and psychosocial aspects of disability; 3) benefit systems and cost benefit analysis; 4) case management concepts; and 5) principles of community re-entry. Roles and Functions Studies In 1991, Matkin used a job analysis approach to identify work role categories as well as knowledge requirements associated with the major tasks performed by rehabilitation specialists in the private sector (Matkin, 1995). Seven major knowledge domains were identified, but case management and the coordination of rehabilitation services were determined to occupy approximately 40% of the subjects work time. More recently, Leahy, Chan, Taylor, Wood, and Downey (1997) identified seven empirically derived knowledge factors as important for effective private rehabilitation practice. These knowledge factors are: vocational assessment and planning; case management and reporting; expert witness testimony; employment and disability related legislation and regulations; community resources; psychosocial and functional aspects of disability; and job analysis and odification. In their study, knowledge of case management was rated as most important with a mean (M) score of 3. 24 (based on a five-point Likert-type scale, with 0 meaning not important to 4 indicating absolutely essential). Their study may reflect a shift in private rehabilitation practice from predominantly vocational counseling and job placement to medical and vocational case management. These same researchers also found several distinctions between private rehabilitation practitioners with a rehabilitation counseling background and those with a nursing background. While specialists with rehabilitation counseling expertise viewed knowledge in vocational rehabilitation as important to private rehabilitation practice, practitioners with a nursing background believed that community resources and medical rehabilitation service coordination activities were more important.

The Implementation Issues and Strategic Advantages of Lean Systems

The Implementation Issues and Strategic Advantages of Lean Systems Introduction The global manufacturing sector has undergone a notable transformation over the past years as evidenced by the growth in different manufacturing industries. The growth has been spurred by the profitability potential of the sector. Different companies have been established in the services and the industrial manufacturing sectors in the pursuit to exploit the sectors’ profitability. Uniq Limited is a medium sized company that has been established in the manufacturing sector.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Implementation Issues and Strategic Advantages of Lean Systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The firm was established in 1998 and it specializes in the manufacture of fast moving apparels and footwear products. A workforce of 120 employees facilitates the company’s operations. Uniq Limited has experienced a positive performance in its profitability since its inception. Mah aevan (2010, p. 5) defines operations management as ‘a systematic approach to addressing issues in the transformation process that converts inputs into useful, revenue-generating outputs’. Operations management further underscores the importance of understanding and addressing problems and issues that arise in the manufacturing process. Thus, it calls for the adoption of effective solutions to operational issues faced. Mahaevan (2010) further affirms that the core aim of operations management is to minimize the cost and maximize revenue through effective planning and operations control. Despite the positive profitability trend, Uniq Limited is not free from challenges. One of the major challenges that the company faces arises from the increase in the intensity of competition. The high rate of globalization coupled with the emergence of e-commerce has led to a remarkable increment in consumer power. Currently, consumers are demanding value for their money, which means th at they are demanding more for less. One of the techniques that Uniq Limited has identified in its quest to achieve competitiveness entails implementation of a lean system. This paper entails a critical discussion on the implementation and strategic advantages associated with the integration of lean systems at Uniq Limited. Operations function at Uniq Limited Uniq Limited is focused on optimizing the level of customer satisfaction by offering customers high-quality apparel and footwear products. Thus, the company considers the operations function as one of the central operations management functions. To achieve maximize on the level of customer satisfaction, the company has integrated a comprehensive set of inputs and transformation process. Uniq Limited considers a set of inputs to meet the customers’ product needs. The inputs include raw materials, labor, time, money, capital equipment, and information. The transformation process enables the company to add value to the inpu ts. The company outsources the raw materials from low-cost countries to minimize the cost of the final product.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Implementation and strategic issues of lean systems The integration of the lean system in the operations function will improve the company’s capacity to satisfy customers and to maximize profitability. The lean concept arises from the need to reduce the amount of duration that elapses between when the customer places an order and the actual delivery of the order. Black (2008, p. 56) argues that lean production involves ‘a new production approach that focuses on different aspects such as time reduction, quality, flexibility, and teamwork’. To benefit from the lean production approach, organizations must entrench lean systems that minimize resource utilization in the production process and that maximize the output. Charron, Harrington, and Voehl (2014) assert that the lean system is demand driven and focuses on ensuring that an organization achieves continuous improvement. Therefore, an organization only produces what the market requires. This aspect underscores the importance of integrating effective lean systems in the pursuit of competitive advantage. In the process of implementing the lean system, Uniq Limited management should take into account the following components as the core building blocks. Product design The first aspect that the organization should take into consideration entails the product design. Under the product design, the company should ensure that the standard parts that workers are required to use in the production process are specified. The organization should establish modular designs, which entails building smaller subsystems that should operate independently. Additionally, the organization should ensure that the lean system integrates a comprehen sive quality system. This aspect will ensure that the final product adheres to the company’s quality specifications. Process design The firm should ensure that the manufacturing process is well designed. To achieve this goal, the firm should consider several aspects. The core issues entail designing small lot sizes, setting up the required time reduction, and developing the manufacturing cells. The manufacturing cells entail establishing specific and efficient production centers. Thus, Uniq Limited should establish manufacturing centers for its footwear and apparel product categories. Establishing the manufacturing cells is critical in the organizations pursuit to maximize equipment utilization. Moreover, the cost of training workers is reduced because of the ease with which the organization can integrate the cross-employee training technique.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Implementation Issues and Strategic Advantages of Lean System s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Employing the cross training technique is critical is essential in ensuring that the organization maximizes its human capital. For example, in the event of employee absenteeism, the firm can be able to conduct the production employee by implementing cross-departmental task delegation. The design process component should further be comprised of a quality improvement process. The reason for integrating a quality improvement process is to improve the ease with which the organization identifies quality defects in the production process. Subsequently, Uniq Limited will be able to improve the overall quality of the final product continuously. To improve the contribution of the lean system to the firm, Uniq Limited should ensure that the production process is flexible. This move will provide the firm with an opportunity to make the necessary adjustments easily to cater for market changes (Cudney, Furterer, Dietri ch 2013). The Process design component should further entrench a balanced system. The balanced system should take into account two main aspects. First, the organization should ensure that the production cycle time is aligned with the customers demand. Secondly, the production process should be based on an effectively designed work shift system. Thus, the production workload should be equitably distributed amongst the various workstations. Equitable distribution of workload is fundamental to ensuring that employees in some workstations are not overworked. Thus, the likelihood of an error occurring in the production process due to fatigue is minimized. Moreover, balancing the workload is critical in promoting employee productivity. Huthwaite (2007) asserts that a balanced working system promotes employee productivity. In the process of developing the process design, Uniq Limited should take into account inventory storage. The firm should ensure that the production process does not req uire long inventory storage duration. On the contrary, the inventory storage duration should be reduced as much as possible. Slack, Alistair, and Betts (2012) argue that minimizing the inventory storage duration enables an origination to limit the inventory carrying or holding duration. Nevertheless, the firm should maintain inventory buffers to eliminate delays in the production process due to resource shortage.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Personnel and organizational components Despite the incorporation of effective product and process designs, the contribution of the lean system to an organization’s performance is subject to the level of employee commitment. Thus, Uniq Limited should consider its workforce as its most critical asset in implementing the lean system. To make the lean system functional, the firm should ensure that the employees are adequately trained and motivated. The training process should not only be limited to operations function. On the contrary, the training should be broad by focusing on areas such as problem-solving, statistical process control and quality improvement. Furthermore, the firm should consider integrating the cross-training approach to promote flexibility and line balancing in the production process. The rationale for training employees is to eradicate the talent gap that might hinder the efficiency with which the firm responds to the customers’ demands. Slack, Alist air, and Betts (2012, p, 87) assert that lean manufacturing systems ‘require highly skilled and educated employees to inspect, repair, and design the layout of the automated production technology’. This approach will enable the firm to minimize the duration that employees require to undertake the assigned production activities. In addition to training, the organization should ensure that the employees are motivated. This goal can be attained by giving employees an opportunity to make decisions related to the firms’ production process. In this case, Uniq Limited should give its workforce an opportunity to develop product designs to be considered for production purposes. This aspect will play a fundamental role in making employees develop the perception of being valued in the organization’s continuous improvement process. In line with its commitment to satisfy the customers’ demand, Uniq Limited has integrated the project approach. Thus, the firm†™s production activities are project based. The firm adopted the project-based approach because it specializes in the production of fast fashion. Thus, a specific production process must be completed within the set timeframe. Successful employee development will further be subject to the level of employee interaction. Thus, the firm should consider integrating the two-way communication approach. However, to promote two-way communication, the company should ensure that an effective leadership style is adopted. Mahaevan (2010) asserts that the leadership style has a direct influence on the employees’ commitment to job tasks. Manufacturing planning and control The last element that Uniq Limited should focus on in the implementation of the lean system entails manufacturing planning and control. Successful implementation of this building block depends on how effective the management team is committed to implementing different elements. The first element involves level loading, w hich entails the determination of the most appropriate sequence to adopt in the production process. The apparel and footwear production process at Uniq Limited is interdependent and moves from across different stages. Thus, the firm should consider the firm should integrate the push manufacturing system. This system is critical in eliminating errors. In its quest to ensure that the lean system contributes to improvement in the effectiveness of the project-based approach, Uniq Limited should foster the development of two-way communication within the firm. The two-way communication should not only be limited to workers. On the contrary, it should exist between the organization’s managers and lower level employees. The significance of establishing effective communication in the lean system is to promote efficient workflow between the various workstations. Subsequently, workers in the respective workstations appreciate the importance of collaborating in the production process. Th us, the likelihood of successful production is increased. Implementation of technology To integrate the lean system in its operation successfully, Uniq Limited should consider automating some of its operation functions. The implementation of technology is critical in minimizing the cost of operation. For example, the firms should consider automating the inventory management and employee training process. This aspect will minimize the amount of time and resources required to develop employees. On the other hand, automating the inventory management process will aid in reducing the cycle time. Alternatively, the product designing and quality control process should be automated to minimize errors in the final product. Strategic advantages of lean systems Uniq Limited is likely to benefit considerably by implementing the lean system. Some of the strategic benefits that the firm might acquire are expounded herein. Increased productivity Effective implementation of the lean system requires an organization to develop a well skilled and knowledgeable workforce. To achieve this goal, organizations intending to integrate the lean systems have an obligation to design and implement a comprehensive employees’ training program (Slack, Alistair, Betts 2012). By developing a competent and skilled workforce, Uniq Limited will benefit from increased employee productivity. For example, the firm’s employees will be promoting the firm’s ability to undertake continuous product improvement. High product quality Implementation of the lean system will increase the company’s competitiveness in the changing business environment. The integration of the lean system in the production process underscores the importance of teamwork in executing different operations functions. Through teamwork, the firm’s employees will have an opportunity to brainstorm and share ideas on how to undertake the assigned production tasks effectively and efficiently. Thus, the c hance of the team members developing feasible solutions on matters associated with product quality will be improved remarkably. Therefore, the firm will deliver high-quality products to the target customers. Reduced costs Lean systems are based on minimal utilization of resources and maximization of output. For example, the lean system underscores the importance of operating using a lean workforce. Thus, the cost of operation arising from a large salaries and wage budget is reduced. Moreover, optimizing the resources available will enable the firm to minimize the occurrence of wastage in the production process. The reduction of operations and manufacturing costs increases the likelihood of an organization maximizing its profitability. A lean system further leads to the reduction in the overall cost of operation by limiting the inventory levels and the carrying cost (Slack, Alistair, Betts 2012). Conclusion Uniq Limited decision to implement the lean system in its operations functio n can contribute to remarkable improvement in the firm’s performance. The improvement in the firm’s competitiveness will arise from the strategic benefits associated with the lean systems. Some of the core benefits include increased productivity, reduced cost of operation, and production of high-quality products. However, the firm must ensure that the lean system is implemented effectively by taking into account the fundamental building blocks. Reference List Black, J 2008, Lean production; implementing a world-class system, Industrial Press, New York. Charron, R, Harrington, J Voehl, F 2014, The lean management systems Handbook, CRC Press, New Jersey. Cudney, E, Furterer, S Dietrich, D 2013, Lean systems; applications and case studies in manufacturing, service and health care, CRC Press, New York. Huthwaite, B 2007, The lean design solution; a practical guide to streamlining product  design and development, Institute for Lean Design, Mackinac Island. Mahaevan, B 2 010, Operations management; theory and practice, Pearson, Upper Saddle River. Slack, N, Alistair, B Betts, J 2012, Operations and process management, principles and practices for strategic impact, Pearson, Harlow.